"There is no end to what may constitute visual data, as long as we can see, even if, in seeing it, we are not seeing it,but are seeing what we think it represents." (Heyman, 2011,p 105)
Roger Bacon(1214–1294)suggested that observable data are the basis of knowledge.
Photo interviewing analysis researchers show images to research participants during formal or informal interviews; the analysis is done by the participant who examines and “analyzes” visual images.
Semiotic Visual analysis:The study of signs; the researcher identifies and interprets the symbolic meaning of visual data.
Visual Content analysis: The identification and counting of events, characteristics, or other phenomena in visual data.
"Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) messages” (Wikipedia, 2011, para.1).
“Nonverbal communication is central to the communication process by being 'an inherent and essential part of message creation (production) and interpretation (processing)' ” (Burgoon, 1994, as cited in Giles & Le Poire, 2006, p.xv).
Some characteristics of nonverbal communication (NVC)
Nonverbal communication manages and regulates communication with others, NVC is ambiguous / context related.NVC is culturally bound.NVC is primarily relational. (Adler, Rosenfeld & Proctor II, 2010)
Visual channels of the nonverbal communication
KINESICS or body movement: gestures, hand and arm movements, leg movements, facial expressions, eye gaze and blinking, and posture.
PROXEMICS – The perception and use of space.
HAPTICS or tactile communication – The use of touch.
PARALANGUAGE – Vocal qualities that accompany speech such as pitch, rhythm, tone...; laughing, crying, silence are also part of paralanguage.(Neuliep, 2005)
How do nonverbal and verbal aspects interact together?
"The various aspects of nonverbal communication often function reciprocally with a spoken language, and they create a very multi-dimensional interactive situation” (Seppänen, 2006, p.65).
Depending on the context and situation, nonverbal aspects can perform different functions in relation to verbal communication:
Accenting;
•Substituting;
•Repeating;
•Contradicting;
•Regulating. (Neuliep, 2005)
The interactionist perspective –Embodied interaction in the material world
"Intensive analysis of how action is built through the inter-elaboration of talk, the body, encompassing activity and features of the setting".
Interplay between context and act – "Context creates behaviour, but context is also created by the act".
"Rejection of artificial separation between verbal and nonverbal behaviour and universal meanings of nonverbal expressions".
Visual Data
"There is no end to what may constitute visual data, as long as we can see, even if, in seeing it, we are not seeing it,but are seeing what we think it represents." (Heyman, 2011,p 105)
Roger Bacon(1214–1294)suggested that observable data are the basis of knowledge.
Photo interviewing analysis researchers show images to research participants during formal or informal interviews; the analysis is done by the participant
who examines and “analyzes” visual images.
Semiotic Visual analysis:The study of signs; the researcher identifies and interprets the symbolic meaning of visual data.
Visual Content analysis: The identification and counting of events, characteristics, or other phenomena in visual data.
2010 Horizon Report Four to Five Years : visual data analysis.
The Visual in Conversation:
Nonverbal communication
"Nonverbal communication is usually understood as the process of communication through sending and receiving wordless (mostly visual) messages” (Wikipedia, 2011, para.1).“Nonverbal communication is central to the communication process by being 'an inherent and essential part of message creation (production) and interpretation (processing)' ”
(Burgoon, 1994, as cited in Giles & Le Poire, 2006, p.xv).
Some characteristics of nonverbal communication (NVC)
Nonverbal communication manages and regulates communication with others, NVC is ambiguous / context related.NVC is culturally bound.NVC is primarily relational.
(Adler, Rosenfeld & Proctor II, 2010)
Visual channels of the nonverbal communication
KINESICS or body movement: gestures, hand and arm movements, leg movements, facial expressions, eye gaze and blinking, and posture.
PROXEMICS – The perception and use of space.
HAPTICS or tactile communication – The use of touch.
PHYSICAL APPEARANCE AND DRESS
PHYSICAL ENVIRONMENT – interior design and style, colors, temperature, objects, noise, music...
(Neuliep, 2005)
Non-visual channels of communication
CHRONEMICS – The use and perception of time.
OLFACTICS – Our sense of smell.
PARALANGUAGE – Vocal qualities that accompany speech such as pitch, rhythm, tone...; laughing, crying, silence are also part of paralanguage.(Neuliep, 2005)
How do nonverbal and verbal aspects interact together?
"The various aspects of nonverbal communication often function reciprocally with a spoken language, and they create a very multi-dimensional interactive situation” (Seppänen, 2006, p.65).
Depending on the context and situation, nonverbal aspects can perform different functions in relation to verbal communication:
Accenting;
•Substituting;
•Repeating;
•Contradicting;
•Regulating.
(Neuliep, 2005)
The interactionist perspective –Embodied interaction in the material world
"Intensive analysis of how action is built through the inter-elaboration of talk, the body, encompassing activity and features of the setting".
Interplay between context and act – "Context creates behaviour, but context is also created by the act".
"Rejection of artificial separation between verbal and nonverbal behaviour and universal meanings of nonverbal expressions".
(Streeck, Goodwin & LeBaron, 2011, pp. 1-20)